About CLIA

The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Ammendments (CLIA) program is a branch of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).

According to CMS, "the objective of the CLIA program is to ensure quality laboratory testing. Although all clinical laboratories must be properly certified to receive Medicare or Medicaid payments, CLIA has no direct Medicare or Medicaid program responsibilities. " (source: CMS website)

Program Description

The following excerpt is taken directly from the CMS website:

Congress passed the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) in 1988 establishing quality standards for all laboratory testing to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed. A laboratory is defined as any facility which performs laboratory testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment of disease, or impairment of, or assessment of health. CLIA is user fee funded; therefore, all costs of administering the program must be covered by the regulated facilities, including certificate and survey costs.

The final CLIA regulations were published on February 28, 1992 and are based on the complexity of the test method; thus, the more complicated the test, the more stringent the requirements. Three categories of tests have been established: waived complexity, moderate complexity, including the subcategory of provider-performed microscopy (PPM), and high complexity. CLIA specifies quality standards for proficiency testing (PT), patient test management, quality control, personnel qualifications and quality assurance for laboratories performing moderate and/or high complexity tests. Waived laboratories must enroll in CLIA, pay the applicable fee and follow manufacturers' instructions. Because problems in cytology laboratories were the impetus for CLIA, there are also specific cytology requirements.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is charged with the implementation of CLIA, including laboratory registration, fee collection, surveys, surveyor guidelines and training, enforcement, approvals of PT providers, accrediting organizations and exempt states. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is responsible for the CLIA studies, convening the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments Committee (CLIAC) and providing scientific and technical support/consultation to DHHS/CMS. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for test categorization.

To enroll in the CLIA program, laboratories must first register by completing an application, pay fees, be surveyed, if applicable, and become certified. CLIA fees are based on the certificate requested by the laboratory (that is, waived, PPM, accreditation, or compliance) and, for moderate and high complexity laboratories, the annual volume and types of testing performed. Waived and PPM laboratories may apply directly for their certificate as they aren't subject to routine inspections. Those laboratories which must be surveyed routinely; i.e., those performing moderate and/or high complexity testing, can choose whether they wish to be surveyed by CMS or by a private accrediting organization. The CMS survey process is outcome oriented and utilizes a quality assurance focus and an educational approach to assess compliance.

Data indicates that CLIA has helped to improve the quality of testing in the United States. The total number of quality deficiencies has decreased approximately 40% from the first laboratory survey to their second and further on subsequent surveys. Similar findings were demonstrated in the review of PT data. The educational value of PT in laboratories was known before CLIA existed. Initial PT failures are also addressed with an educational, rather than punitive, approach by CLIA.

(source: CMS website)

 

 

Here is what the FDA says about CLIA:

(source: fda.gov)

  • Congress passed the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) in 1988 establishing quality standards for all laboratory testing to ensure the accuracy, reliability and timeliness of patient test results regardless of where the test was performed. 
  • A laboratory is any facility that does laboratory testing on specimens derived from humans to give information for the diagnosis, prevention, treatment of disease, or impairment of, or assessment of health.
  • CLIA is user fee funded; therefore, regulated facilities cover all the costs of administering the program.
  • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) assumes primary responsibility for financial management operations of the CLIA program. 
  • The categorization of commercially marketed in vitro diagnostic tests under CLIA is the responsibility of the FDA. This categorization includes the process of assigning commercially marketed in vitro diagnostic test systems to one of three CLIA regulatory categories based on their potential for risk to public health:
    • waived tests
    • tests of moderate complexity
    • tests of high complexity
  • CLIA categorizations will also be announced in Federal Register Notices, which will provide opportunity for comment on the decision. FDA may reevaluate and recategorize these tests based upon the comments received in response to the Federal Register Notices.
  • FDA will revise as necessary criteria for waivers, moderate and high complexities.